6

    ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

    Explanation for Correct Answer A : 

    Choice (A) is correct. The connecting word "but" properly indicates a contrast between two activities, and the phrase "it allows" clearly introduces the result of barnstorming.

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : 

    Choice (B) displays imprecise modification. The phrase "because of allowing" does not identify the cause as clearly as the phrase "because it allows."

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : 

    Choice (C) exhibits imprecise modification. The phrase "by allowing" does not identify the cause as clearly as the phrase "because it allows."

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : 

    Choice (D) involves imprecise modification. The long absolute construction ("old-fashioned barnstorming . . . face to face") is very loosely connected to the preceding clause and does not indicate a contrast.

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : 

    Choice (E) uses imprecise modification. The linking word "when" suggests a temporal relationship between the two clauses, rather than a contrast.

    7

    ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

    Explanation for Correct Answer D : 

    Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using the noun "linguist," instead of the vague pronoun "they," to identify the one who does fieldwork.

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : 

    Choice (A) involves vague pronoun reference. The pronoun "they" does not refer to any specific noun in the sentence.

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : 

    Choice (B) exhibits vague pronoun reference. The sentence contains no noun to which the pronoun "they" can refer.

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : 

    Choice (C) displays ineffective coordination. In this case, using the conjunction "and" to link two complete thoughts ("Linguistic research . . . fieldwork" and "the linguist . . . of a region") tells little about their logical relationship.

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : 

    Choice (E) uses two vague pronouns. The pronoun "which" apparently refers to something or some people not named in the sentence (rather than to the noun just before it, "fieldwork"), and the pronoun "they" does not refer to any specific noun in the sentence.

    8

    ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

    Explanation for Correct Answer A : 

    Choice (A) is correct. It maintains exact parallelism with two noun phrases ("sustained observation of a few animals" and "intermittent observation of many animals").

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : 

    Choice (B) fails to maintain parallelism. The clause, "many animals are observed intermittently," is not parallel with the earlier noun phrase, "sustained observation of a few animals."

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : 

    Choice (C) creates a sentence fragment. Since the long phrase introduced by "that" has no verb (only the verbal form "providing"), it does not tell what the primatologist argued and thus leaves the thought incomplete.

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : 

    Choice (D) contains an error in subject-verb agreement. The plural verb "do" agrees with an interrupting noun ("animals") but does not agree with its singular subject, "observation."

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : 

    Choice (E) does not use the most effective idiom. In describing two different degrees of value, the phrase "in contrast to" is less precise than the phrase "better . . . than."

    9

    ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

    Explanation for Correct Answer D : 

    Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using the verb "refers" (instead of the verbal form "referring") to state a complete thought.

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : 

    Choice (A) produces a sentence fragment. Since it contains no verb (only the verbal form "referring"), the sentence does not state a complete thought.

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : 

    Choice (B) creates a sentence fragment. Neither the verbal form ("referring") nor the verb in the dependent clause ("is . . . used") can complete the thought.

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : 

    Choice (C) produces a sentence fragment. Since the verb "refers" is in a dependent clause, it cannot complete the thought.

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : 

    Choice (E) does not express ideas logically. The linking verb "is" inappropriately equates a thing (the term "doublespeak") with a time ("when language is used intentionally").

    10

    ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

    Explanation for Correct Answer E : 

    Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by making the second clause dependent ("as dramatic as . . . in the last century").

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : 

    Choice (A) involves improper coordination. Two complete thoughts ("Scientists predict . . . in the next century" and "they will be . . . in the last century") are connected by only a comma.

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : 

    B. Choice (B) displays improper coordination. Two complete thoughts ("Scientists predict . . . in the next century" and "these will be . . . in the last century") are connected by only a comma.

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : 

    Choice (C) exhibits an error in coordination. Since the phrase after the semicolon has no verb (only the verbal "being"), it does not state a complete thought and is therefore not equal in rank to the independent clause that comes before the semicolon.

    Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : 

    Choice (D) has an error in verb tense sequence. The verb in present tense ("is") does not correctly describe action in the past ("the last century").