SECTION 7 1
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using only one subordinating word ("when") instead of the lengthy coordinating phrase ("and that was when") and by using straightforward active voice ("he learned") instead of the less efficient passive voice ("he was told"). Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) displays wordiness. The long coordinating phrase ("and that was when") can be reduced to one word ("when"), and the inefficient passive construction ("he was told") can be improved by using active voice ("he learned"). Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) exhibits wordiness. The coordinating phrase ("and then") can be reduced to one subordinating word ("when"). Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) involves wordiness. The inefficient passive construction ("it was learned by him") can be shortened by using active voice ("he learned"). Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) uses a vague pronoun. The sentence contains no noun to which the pronoun "they" can refer. 2
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by placing the noun "Sarah" immediately after the introductory phrase ("Burdened with . . . pair of skis") that modifies it. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) exhibits improper modification. The introductory phrase, "Burdened with . . . pair of skis," cannot logically modify either the possessive form, "Sarah's," or the noun that immediately follows, "search." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) displays improper modification. The introductory phrase, "Burdened with . . . pair of skis," cannot logically modify either the possessive form, "Sarah's," or the noun that follows, "search." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) involves improper modification. The introductory phrase, "Burdened with . . . pair of skis," cannot logically modify the noun that immediately follows, "cart." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) creates a sentence fragment. Neither the introductory phrase ("Burdened with . . . pair of skis") nor the later dependent clause ("for which Sarah desperately searched") states a complete thought. 3
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by repeating the proper noun "Sam" to indicate precisely who fell down an embankment. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) contains an ambiguous pronoun. The pronoun "he" could refer to either James or Sam. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) uses an ambiguous pronoun in two places. In both cases the pronoun "he" could refer to either James or Sam. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) has an error in tense sequence. It uses two verbs in past tense ("fell" and "stumbled") when the second verb needs to be in past perfect tense ("had stumbled") to indicate an action that took place prior to another action in the past. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) contains an error in tense sequence. It uses the present perfect tense, "has stumbled," instead of the past perfect tense, "had stumbled," which would correctly indicate an action that took place prior to another action in the past. 4
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by reducing the second independent clause ("this was . . . workers had feared") to a noun phrase so that a comma correctly links it with the noun "collapsing." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) involves improper coordination. Two complete thoughts ("By attracting . . . from collapsing" and "this was . . . workers had feared") are connected by only a comma. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) exhibits illogical subordination. The connecting word "because" incorrectly suggests that the second clause ("many workers had feared a disaster") gives the reason for the council's action. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) uses improper coordination. Two complete thoughts ("By attracting . . . from collapsing" and "the fear . . . would be a disaster") are connected by only a comma Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) displays improper coordination. Two complete thoughts ("By attracting . . . from collapsing" and "it was feared . . . as a disaster") are connected by only a comma. 5
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by correctly completing the idiom "not only . . . but also," used to link grammatically equal constructions, and by repeating the preposition "by" so that two phrases ("by the destruction" and "by the psychological effect") are parallel. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) does not maintain parallelism in describing two effects of an earthquake. The independent clause, "it has a psychological effect on people," is not parallel with the earlier prepositional phrase, "by the destruction of property." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) fails to maintain parallelism. The phrase "as well" is not the proper idiom to use with the earlier phrase "not only,"and the prepositional phrase "in the psychological effect" is not parallel with the earlier prepositional phrase "by the destruction." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) exhibits a flaw in parallelism. Since the preposition "by" is not repeated, the noun phrase "the psychological effect" does not seem to be parallel with the earlier prepositional phrase "by the destruction." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) displays wordiness. The vague phrase "in the way of having a" can be reduced to the more efficient and precise phrase "also by the." | 
