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16.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. The author describes a European theory of Native Americans "as examples of what Stone Age Europeans must have been like" (lines 26-27). This is the theory that the author says is "a great story, an international crowd pleaser" (line 28). But it is also a theory that the author regards as obviously false, an "anthropological fallacy." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage characterizes the theory that regards Native Americans as examples of Stone Age Europeans as "an international crowd pleaser." The author, however, does not see it as an amusing theory. Rather, it is presented as naïve, culture-bound, and intellectually embarrassing. Nor does the author regard it as a novelty; one of the main points of the passage is how old and widespread such theories are. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The author describes the theory that regards Native Americans as examples of Stone Age Europeans as "an international crowd pleaser." That theory could only count as a "deception" if those who broadcast it actually knew that it was false. But those theorists believe it to be true, so they are not practicing a deception. Moreover, since the theory gets in the way of a genuine understanding of Native American culture and history, it is actually harmful. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does regard the theory that regards Native Americans as examples of Stone Age Europeans as an error. But the author thinks that this error gets in the way of a genuine understanding of Native Americans, so it is not beneficial. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The story that the author describes as "an international crowd pleaser" is that Native Americans are regarded as examples of Stone Age Europeans. But the main point of the passage is that this misconception about Native Americans is widespread and longstanding. It does not represent a "cultural revolution." 17
17.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. The author describes the theory that regards Native Americans as "examples of what Stone Age Europeans must have been like" (lines 26-27) as a theory based on "an ancestor-descendant model" (line 24). Although this might have been a "great story" (line 28), the author mentions a "difficulty." That difficulty is that Native Americans had to cope and change over "the last forty thousand years or so, just like everyone else" (lines 33-34). They could not have survived if they had remained like Stone Age peoples. So this "difficulty" undermines the view that Native Americans are like the Stone Age ancestors of modern-day Europeans. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. According to the passage, there has been widespread general consensus about acceptable methods of anthropological inquiry. The consensus is that only written records and archeological evidence are legitimate. The author thinks that this consensus view is misguided. But the "difficulty" refers to something else entirely―the fact that Native Americans have changed since the Stone Age "just like everyone else." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The passage shows the view that Native Americans are much like Stone Age Europeans to be a false stereotype. The "difficulty" referred to in line 29 is that Native Americans have coped and changed since the Stone Age, just like Europeans have. The author presents this point as part of an effort to undermine a false stereotype. Undermining the effort to get rid of the stereotype means the exact opposite. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The "difficulty" referred to in line 29 undermines the theory that Native Americans are typical of the Stone Age ancestors of modern-day Europeans. According to the author, this theory is the result of cultural bias. It is not based on logic and deductive reasoning. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The "difficulty" referred to in line 29 directly challenges the view that Native Americans are "primitive" peoples stuck in the Stone Age. The author suggests that this view has largely prevented Europeans and Euro-Americans from arriving at an objective historical account of native peoples. The author does not discuss beliefs about early European communities. 18
18.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. The author explains that Native American "cultures have had to make internal sense, their medicines have had to work consistently and practically, their philosophical explanations have had to be reasonably satisfying and dependable, or else the ancestors of those now called Native Americans would have truly vanished long ago." The last clause makes it clear that the lines describe characteristics "essential to the survival of any people." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The author regards satisfying explanations, internally consistent cultures, and effective medicines as crucial for a people's long-term survival. But there is no indication that these things are "customs that fuel myths about a society." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Cultures that make internal sense, medicines that work, and explanations that are satisfying are not contradictions. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. According to the passage, satisfying explanations, internally consistent cultures, and effective medicines are features of Native American societies that Western historians have ignored. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. According to the passage, cultures that make internal sense, medicines that work, and explanations that are satisfying are preconditions for long-term survival. But there is no indication in the passage that a culture has to survive for thousands of years in order to influence other cultures. 19
19.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. The sentence immediately before the two sentences that begin with "They" (lines 52-53) says that "Native Americans were perceived not so much as they were but as they had to be, from a European viewpoint" (lines 50-52). What follows tells how Native Americans had to be perceived from that European viewpoint: "They dealt in magic, not method. They were stuck in their past, not guided by its precedents." Thus, these two sentences serve to express the way Europeans perceived Native Americans. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The two sentences are used by the author to express the cultural bias of the European viewpoint, not the results of objective research of any kind. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The two sentences, "They dealt in magic, not method. They were stuck in their past, not guided by its precedents" (lines 52-53), express Europeans' theories about Native Americans. In the passage, there is no indication of how Native Americans viewed Europeans. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The passage says nothing about how Native Americans regarded the judgments made about them by Europeans. Moreover, these two sentences were not intended as examples of European criticism of Native Americans; they merely describe how Europeans thought Native Americans "had to be" (line 51). Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The two sentences, "They dealt in magic, not method" and "They were stuck in their past, not guided by its precedents" (lines 52-53), express Europeans' theories about native peoples. Since Europeans are presented as thinking that Native Americans are like early humans, the sentences can be seen as also expressing European theories about early humans. The author's purpose in writing those sentences, however, is not to express any views about early humans, but to exhibit Europeans' misconceptions about Native Americans. 20
20.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. In lines 66-70 the author describes Western historians as "culture-bound by their own approach to knowledge." The problem is that the "forms of tribal record preservation available" (line 63) are seen by Western researchers as "inexact, unreliable, and suspect" (lines 65-66). The result of this methodological bias, according to the author, is that Western historians do not take advantage of the evidence that is available. Thus, the author presents Western historians as disadvantaged by their overly narrow methodology. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. According to the author, archaeological evidence is one of the few sources of information about Native American history that Western historians do value. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The author says nothing about Western historians' attitude toward prestigious credentials. There is a suggestion that historians value the credentials that come with university training. But for the historians described in the passage, being university-trained is basic, not prestigious. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does not seem to regard Western historians as especially "well meaning." They are presented as culture-bound and suspicious of any kind of record keeping that is not "the familiar and reassuring kinds of written documentation found in European societies" (lines 60-62). Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Western historians are presented as largely continuing in the same culture-bound paths as the historians that came before them. | 
